ArticleOpen forum infectious diseases2026
Noninvasive Sampling Reveals Distinct Human Papillomavirus and Immune Signatures Associated With Cytological Abnormalities in People Living With HIV-1.
Article in Open forum infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Persistent high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) infections drive most anal cancers, disproportionately affecting people with human immunodeficiency virus (PLH), for whom cytology-based screening remains essential. However, the biological context of abnormal anal cytological findings, particular regarding local immune cells, is incompletely understood. Methods: In this pilot study, 57 PLH underwent longitudinal noninvasive anal sampling over 1 year, including cytology, HPV genotyping, and phenotypic characterization of anomucosal immune cells. Results: Anal HPV infection and persistence were highly prevalent. Cytological abnormalities were associated with more concurrent (HR) HPV infections, lower viral loads, and anal immune microenvironment characterized by increased CD4 and CD8 T cells with up-regulated tissue residency, activation, and effector markers. Conclusions: Noninvasive anal sampling revealed that abnormal anal cytological findings in PLH are characterized by a distinct microenvironmental signature marked by multiple (HR) HPV infections and increased levels of tissue resident, activated, and effector anomucosal T cells, potentially highlighting the important role of local immune cells.
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