ArticleFrontiers in sports and active living2026
Post-pandemic trends in youth sport: structural and social determinants of girls' and women's engagement in Ultimate.
Article in Frontiers in sports and active living, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted youth sport participation in the United States, with evidence suggesting uneven recovery and persistent gender disparities. This study examined patterns of women's and girls' engagement in Ultimate (commonly referred to as ultimate frisbee) from 2014 to 2024, considering structural and cultural contexts. Methods: Using a multisource mixedmethods design, we analyzed national participation data, survey responses from 1,892 players, qualitative interviews with 14 former participants and one parent, and a 12-month social-media content analysis of 12,460 mentions. Results: Descriptive registration analyses showed lower participation among women and girls than boys and men, with differences particularly evident in youth and high school pathways. Interviews described structural barriers, social-evaluation concerns, and perceived misalignment between developmental pathways and inclusion values in relation to disengagement. Social-media analysis identified differences in gender-associated content and visibility, although these data do not establish population-level differences in visibility or causation. Discussion: Taken together, the findings are consistent with the possibility that structural, cultural, and developmental conditions are associated with participation, but the study design cannot establish causality or determine whether disengagement reflected diminished interest. Practice implications include evaluating strategies to support belonging, safety, skill development, equitable programming, visibility, and leadership opportunities. Interpretation is limited by the voluntary cross-sectional survey, purposive qualitative sample, distinct sampling frames across data sources, and limitations of the registration and social-media data.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.