ArticleBJS open2026
Risk factors for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: scoping review.
Article in BJS open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIdiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is a rare, benign, inflammatory breast condition. The diagnostic challenge can cause delays in diagnosis and treatment. The quality of evidence for the diagnosis and management of IGM is low. A scoping review of existing literature was conducted to determine risk factors for IGM, with the aim of informing clinical suspicion, earlier diagnosis, and treatment of this condition.
methodsA scoping review of the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases (2003-2023) was performed following PRISMA-ScR guidance. Data on demographics, reproductive history, hormonal factors, body mass index (BMI), and smoking were extracted and subjectively compared to appropriate published population demographics of the relevant risk factors.
resultsIn all, 230 studies involving 13 062 patients were included. Most common countries of publication origin were Turkey (86 papers; 5233 patients), the USA (30 studies; 764 patients), and China (23 papers; 3990 patients), with three papers (25 patients) from the UK. Most common ethnicities reported were Hispanic (36%), Turkish (20%), White (9%), and Middle Eastern (8%). The mean age (34.7 years) was consistent across the literature, except for UK publications (mean age 50 years). High rates of history of pregnancy (> 90%) were reported, except for UK papers (68%); 64-85% of patients had a history of lactation; and the prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia (reported in 18% of papers) was 5% (versus 0.4% in the general population). BMI appears to match age and country-equivalent BMIs, with no association with diabetes. Smoking association is inconclusive.
conclusionRisk factors for IGM appear centred on reproductive, hormonal, ethnicity, and possibly geographical factors, although the data are limited by inconsistent reporting, small study sizes, and retrospective study designs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.