ArticlePlant cell reports2026
The OsRhoGAP2-OsRAC5 complex regulates rice seed germination via modulating aleurone layer development and α-amylase activity.
Article in Plant cell reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
key messageSeed germination is a key agronomic trait that underpins seedling establishment in rice. Here, we show that the OsRhoGAP2-OsRAC5 protein complex positively regulates rice seed germination through modulating aleurone layer development and α-amylase activity. This study uncovers the role of Rho-GTPase signaling in controlling cereal seed germination and identifies candidate genes for molecular breeding of rice. The aleurone layer (AL) is a pivotal tissue controlling cereal seed germination, which governs hydrolytic enzyme synthesis and endosperm reserve remobilization in rice. Rho small GTPases and GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs) play crucial roles in plant development; however, their specific functions in rice seed germination remain incompletely elucidated. Here, we demonstrated that OsRAC5, a Rho GTPase, acts as a key positive regulator of rice seed germination by controlling AL development. CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9)-generated loss-of-function rac5 mutants displayed delayed germination, accompanied by a thinner AL and reduced α-amylase activity. Protein-protein interaction assays including Y2H, LCA, and BiFC confirmed that OsRAC5 physically interacts with OsRhoGAP2. Consistently, rhogap2 mutants phenocopied rac5 defects in AL formation, germination performance and α-amylase activity. Collectively, we uncovered that the OsRhoGAP2-OsRAC5 complex orchestrates rice seed germination via coordinating AL development and α-amylase-mediated reserve mobilization. This complex provides valuable gene resources and a mechanistic basis for molecular improvement of seedling establishment in rice breeding.
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