Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42808074›Full record

ArticlePNAS nexus2026

Nicotine metabolites generate craniofacial defects that are worsened by ethanol exposure.

Gissela Borrego-Soto, Ian M Riddington, Esther Maier, Aneesha Baral, Luis Compean, Radhika Amin, Johann K Eberhart

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in PNAS nexus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Gissela Borrego-SotoDepartment of Molecular Biosciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5509-664X
Ian M RiddingtonDepartment of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
Esther MaierDepartment of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6242-3389
Aneesha BaralDepartment of Molecular Biosciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
Luis CompeanBorder Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
Radhika AminDepartment of Molecular Biosciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
Johann K EberhartDepartment of Molecular Biosciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5258-2477

Funding

Mechanisms underlying the multifaceted basis of craniofacial dysmorphogenesisR35DE029086 · NIDCR · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI JOHANN K EBERHART · 2019 to 2026
$7.6M
Genetic Screens in Zebrafish to Identify Gene-Ethanol InteractionsR01AA023426 · NIAAA · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI JOHANN K EBERHART · 2015 to 2026
$3.0M
NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA023426NIDCR NIH HHS R35 DE029086
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Nicotine and alcohol are two of the most consumed substances among adolescents and adults. There is great concern regarding the deleterious effects of exposure to these substances during pregnancy. Complex interactions between genes and the environment are thought to influence the severity of birth defects and can occur by altering the metabolism of substances. In humans, nicotine is mainly metabolized by CYP2A6 and variants within this enzyme associate with nicotine dependence and metabolism. Previously, we showed that embryonic nicotine exposure reduced the size of craniofacial cartilages in zebrafish. Here, we show that zebrafish metabolize nicotine similarly to humans. We demonstrate that it is not nicotine itself, but nicotine metabolites, particularly 4HPBA followed by nicotine-N'-oxide (NOX), that disrupt craniofacial development. We found that

Indexed as

alcoholcoexposurescraniofacial defectsCYP450nicotine metabolism

Identifiers

PMID42808074
PMCPMC13618799

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.