Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42808070›Full record

ArticlePNAS nexus2026

Complementary roles of virtual and real trials in medicine: An interplay of virtuous spirals.

Ehsan Samei, Liesbeth Vancoillie, Michael Wilde, Alejandro F Frangi, Ehsan Abadi, Predrag R Bakic, Kristina Bliznakova, Hilde Bosmans, Ann-Katherine Carton, Dimitra G Darambara and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in PNAS nexus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Ehsan SameiCenter for Virtual Imaging Trials, Radiology, Duke University, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 302, Durham, NC 27701, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7451-3309
Liesbeth VancoillieCenter for Virtual Imaging Trials, Radiology, Duke University, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 302, Durham, NC 27701, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5103-0758
Michael WildeKent and Medway Medical School, Pears Building, Parkwood Road, Canterbury CT2 7FS, Kent, United Kingdom.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2216-0115
Alejandro F FrangiDivision of Informatics, Imaging & Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Rm G530, Manchester M13 9PL, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.
Ehsan AbadiCenter for Virtual Imaging Trials, Radiology, Duke University, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 302, Durham, NC 27701, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9123-5854
Predrag R BakicDepartment of Translational Medicine, Radiology Diagnostics, Lund University, Malmö 205 02, Skane, Sweden.
Kristina BliznakovaDepartment of Medical Equipment, Electronic and Information Technologies in Healthcare, Medical University of Varna, Varna 9002, Bulgaria.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3630-5936
Hilde BosmansMedical Physics & Quality Assessment, Department of Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Flemish Brabant, Belgium.
Ann-Katherine CartonGE Healthcare, Buc 78530, Yvelines, France.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7605-7467
Dimitra G DarambaraRadiotherapy and Imaging - Multimodality Molecular Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, Greater London, United Kingdom.
Paul KinahanDepartment of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6461-3306
Mojtaba LashgariInstitute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5307-3495
Rie TanakaDepartment of Radiological Technology, School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0942, Ishikawa, Japan.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-5287
Hongkai WangSchool of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1813-2162
Arezoo ZakeriDivision of Informatics, Imaging & Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Rm G530, Manchester M13 9PL, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6011-2333

Funding

TR&D Project 3: Virtual ReadersP41EB028744 · NIBIB · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI Ehsan Samei · 2021 to 2026
$7.8M
FDA HHS U01 FD007857NIBIB NIH HHS P41 EB028744
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Virtual trials provide medical knowledge and practical methods for generating evidence through computational methods. But extending beyond those advantages, they offer epistemic opportunities to add mechanistic explainability to predictive inference of real trials. Relating the distinct contributions and ontology of virtual and real trials enables a transformative convergence of biological and clinical insights that they embody.

Indexed as

digital twins in medicineevidence pluralism (EBM+)in silico clinical trialsvirtual imaging trials

Identifiers

PMID42808070
PMCPMC13618797

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.