ArticleInternational journal of public health2026
Social disparities, navigational health literacy, and unmet needs in Germany: results of a population survey.
Article in International journal of public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Objectives: Navigational health literacy is increasingly important in the German health system. While social disparities have been reported, less is known about its association with unmet needs and whether it attenuates the associations between social characteristics and unmet needs. Methods: This cross-sectional online survey in Germany included a random sample of 2,201 adults. Participants completed the validated HLS19-NAV instrument and reported unmet needs during the past 12 months. Associations were examined using descriptive and multiple Poisson regression analyses. Results: Overall, 70% of participants showed inadequate navigational health literacy. Lower navigational health literacy was associated with lower income, lower education, statutory health insurance, and age 41-59 years. Unmet needs were more common among younger adults, women, and lower-income or statutorily insured participants. Better navigational health literacy was associated with lower prevalence of unmet needs. After adding navigational health literacy to the model, associations between social characteristics and unmet needs remained largely unchanged. Conclusion: Navigational health literacy was unequally distributed across groups and strongly associated with unmet needs but did not reduce the observed social disparities in access to care.
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