Observational studyFrontiers in neurology2026
Racial and ethnic disparities in disease-modifying therapy use among adults with multiple sclerosis: a real-world analysis of the All of Us Research Program.
Observational study in Frontiers in neurology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Racial and ethnic disparities in multiple sclerosis (MS) disease-modifying therapy (DMT) use are documented but incompletely characterized across the full treatment pathway. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the All of Us Research Program (2024 data release) among adults aged ≥18 years with confirmed MS ( Results: Overall, 1,564 patients (44.6%) initiated DMT. Hispanic patients had the lowest initiation rate (36.2% vs. 45.6% non-Hispanic). Black patients had the highest within-group initiation rate (49.2%) but the longest median time to first DMT (1,497 days vs. 1,217 days in White patients). High-efficacy DMT exposure ranged from 11.9 to 24.0% across race-sex strata, and 76.3% of assessable initiators met the 180-day discontinuation threshold (range 71.7-80.5%). Discussion: Most patients with MS in this national cohort never initiated DMT. Hispanic patients showed the lowest initiation rates, while Black patients experienced the longest delays to treatment. The two groups' patterns are consistent with mechanistically distinct barriers, possible limited system entry for Hispanic patients and possible delayed specialty access for Black patients. High-efficacy DMT utilization remained low across all groups. Equitable and timely access to DMT, including high-efficacy agents, is urgently needed to reduce long-term disability across all populations.
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