ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Apigenin accelerates fracture healing by enhancing endochondral differentiation and inflammation resolution via targeting NF-κB signaling.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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11 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Fractures are common yet lack effective pharmacological treatments. Apigenin, a natural flavone, has anti-inflammatory and pro-osteogenic effects. Here, we examined its impact on fracture healing-a multistep process involving hematoma formation, soft callus formation (endochondral differentiation), hard callus formation (osteogenic differentiation), and bone remodeling-and investigated the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Femoral fracture and calvarial injury models were established to evaluate the effects of apigenin. Local apigenin treatment was initiated at postoperative time points to compare the impact of administration timing. Fracture healing was assessed by radiography, micro-CT, histological analysis, and immunostaining. Results: Apigenin significantly improved fracture healing when treatment was initiated on postoperative day 5, whereas treatment initiated on day 1 showed no clear therapeutic effect. Apigenin reduced inflammatory responses in the fracture callus and suppressed NF-κB signaling. BAY 11-7082 produced effects similar to those of apigenin in the femoral fracture model, and combined treatment did not produce a clear additional benefit. In BMSCs, apigenin promoted chondrogenic differentiation and attenuated the suppression of chondrogenic markers under inflammatory conditions, whereas its effects on osteogenic differentiation were less consistent. Conclusions: Through modulation of IKKβ/NF-κB signaling, apigenin acts on both inflammatory responses and MSC differentiation to enhance fracture healing. The therapeutic effect was most evident when treatment was initiated on postoperative day 5, during the transition from inflammation to cartilage formation. These findings suggest that appropriately timed apigenin treatment may represent a potential strategy for improving fracture repair.
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