ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
A neuroimmune-enriched multibiofluid proteomic index associated with cognitive-motor progression in early Parkinson's disease: a longitudinal PPMI cohort study.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Progression in early Parkinson's disease (PD) is heterogeneous, motivating transparent biological markers of group-level progression context. We analyzed longitudinal Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) data downloaded on 31 May 2026. The neuroimmune-enriched multibiofluid proteomic index (NEMPI) used 718 quality-control-eligible cerebrospinal fluid and plasma markers, organized into four source-context modules with equal marker and module weights. Direct normalized protein quantification (NPQ) z-standardization was used for the primary reporting implementation, with the log1p implementation examined as a preprocessing sensitivity analysis. Among the 521 participants in the same-sample Cox comparison (173 first observed cognitive-status abnormalities), adding NEMPI to demographic, clinical, alpha-synuclein seed amplification assay, dopamine-transporter imaging, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4 covariates yielded an NEMPI hazard ratio (HR) of 1.287 per 1-SD higher value (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.102-1.502; P = 0.001) and improved likelihood-based fit, but the C-index increment was small (0.0032; bootstrap 95% CI: -0.0093 to 0.0239). The consecutive-abnormality association was stronger but had fewer events, with fewer than 10 events per parameter; the persistent/irreversible estimate was weaker, and its confidence interval crossed 1. Higher NEMPI was also associated with a modest group-average Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and motor trajectory differences, with 5-year translations below published minimal clinically important difference (MCID) ranges. Results were similar under 5-year censoring, discrete-time analysis, stabilized inverse-probability weighting, age analyses, and measured confounder or preanalytic adjustments. NEMPI is therefore interpreted as an abundance-based, neuroimmune-enriched, multibiofluid proteomic composite associated with broad cognitive-motor progression, not as a patient-level prediction tool, clinical threshold, cognition-specific biomarker, or causal mechanism.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.