ArticleFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2026
A nanoemulsion-adjuvanted trivalent neuraminidase vaccine confers cross-protection against divergent influenza viruses.
Article in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Developing universal influenza vaccines (UIVs) capable of eliciting broad protection remains a critical public health priority. Neuraminidase (NA), a relatively conserved surface antigen of influenza viruses, is a promising target for UIV design. Here, we produced full-length trivalent NA proteins via a baculovirus-insect cell expression system, matching the WHO-recommended strains (H1N1, H3N2, and B/Victoria) for the 2024-2025 season. Immunogenicity evaluation of N2NA (derived from H3N2) in mice demonstrated that nanoemulsion (NE) adjuvant significantly enhanced NA-inhibiting (NI) antibody titers, CD4 T cell responses, and the numbers of IL-2-, IL-4- and IFN-γ-secreting lymphocytes compared to the unadjuvanted vaccine. Monovalent N1 NA and BV NA with NE adjuvant similarly induced stronger NI antibody responses and antiviral protection. Furthermore, the NE-adjuvanted trivalent NA vaccine (N1+N2+BV) elicited robust humoral and cellular immunity and provided effective protection in mice against two H1N1, two B/Victoria, and one H5N1 strain. Collectively, these findings support the efficacy of a multivalent NA-based vaccine strategy and highlight its strong potential as a candidate UIV.
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