ArticleVirology journal2026
Characterization of the C4 protein encoded by parsley yellow leaf curl virus.
Article in Virology journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundGeminiviruses encode small, rapidly evolving proteins that reprogram host functions to facilitate infection. Among these, C4/AC4 proteins frequently act as determinants of pathogenicity and symptom expression. Parsley yellow leaf curl virus (PYLCV; Pylecuvirus petroselini), a recently described monopartite geminivirus associated with yellowing and leaf curling in parsley, encodes a C4 protein whose biological activities and cellular distribution remain uncharacterized.
methodsHere, we combined comparative sequence analysis, confocal microscopy, site-directed mutagenesis, heterologous expression, and RNA silencing suppression assays to characterize PYLCV C4.
resultsIn silico analysis of the 85-amino-acid C4 protein identified several candidate targeting features, including a predicted N-terminal myristoylation motif, a putative palmitoylation site, nuclear trafficking-related motifs, and a chloroplast transit peptide. Confocal imaging showed that C4-GFP localizes to the plasma membrane and also accumulates in the nucleus and chloroplasts. Substitution of Gly2 within the predicted N-myristoylation motif strongly reduced plasma membrane association and increased the chloroplast-associated signal of C4-GFP, supporting an important role for the Gly2-containing N-terminal region in membrane targeting and suggesting that chloroplast-associated targeting becomes more prominent when Gly2-dependent cell-peripheral association is disrupted. Expression of PYLCV C4 from a potato virus X (PVX; Potexvirus ecspotati)-based vector in Nicotiana benthamiana induced severe developmental alterations, including mosaic, yellowing, leaf curling, stem deformation, and plant death, without affecting PVX RNA accumulation. PYLCV C4 did not behave as a strong suppressor of local or systemic post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) under the conditions tested, although a possible delay in the spread of GFP silencing was observed in N. benthamiana 16c plants.
conclusionsTogether, these findings provide the first experimental characterization of PYLCV C4 and establish a framework for future mechanistic studies addressing how this protein may contribute to host developmental perturbation and PYLCV-plant interactions.
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