ArticleDrug delivery and translational research2026
Dual mucoadhesive nanoparticle-hydrogel platform for sustained intravaginal miconazole delivery with anti-biofilm activity against vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Article in Drug delivery and translational research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), primarily caused by Candida albicans, remains a global health concern, and conventional therapies struggle to maintain effective drug concentrations at the infection site. Miconazole (MIC)-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (MIC-PNPs) were prepared by nanoprecipitation, and Eudragit E 100 concentration, polyvinyl alcohol concentration, and organic-to-aqueous phase ratio were optimized using Design Expert® software. The optimized nanoparticles showed nanometric size, high zeta potential, and excellent entrapment efficiency. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed component compatibility, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry indicated conversion of MIC to an amorphous state, and scanning electron microscopy revealed spherical morphology. MIC-PNPs were incorporated into a Carbopol-934 hydrogel (MIC-PNPG), which was characterized for physical properties, drug content, spreadability, mucoadhesive strength, and viscosity. MIC-PNPs and MIC-PNPG released 68% and 58% of MIC, respectively, over 24 h at pH 4.2, following Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics. MIC-PNPG showed substantial ex vivo mucoadhesive strength. Antifungal assays confirmed superior activity of MIC-PNPs over free MIC, and antibiofilm studies showed concentration-dependent inhibition and degradation of C. albicans biofilms, with MIC-PNPG outperforming MIC-PNPs and free MIC. The hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane assay showed significantly lower irritation for nanoparticle-based formulations than the marketed product. Ex vivo studies demonstrated enhanced drug permeation and vaginal tissue retention of MIC-PNPs. In vivo, treatment significantly reduced infection pathogenicity, supported by histopathological findings. These results suggest MIC-PNPs as a promising candidate warranting further clinical investigation for VVC treatment.
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