Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42804002›Full record

ArticleMolecular biology reports2026

Virulence arsenal and antibiotic resistance backgrounds in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from hospital wastewater samples from Iraq.

Farah H Omer, Noor S K Al-Khafaji, Batool Shakir, Abed Almjalawi, Farah Tareq Al-Alaq, Hussein O M Al-Dahmoshi, Mushtak T S Al-Ouqaili, Faizan Ahmad, Morteza Saki

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Article in Molecular biology reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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5 · Who and what money

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9 authors.

Farah H OmerDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.
Noor S K Al-KhafajiDepartment of Biology, College of Science, University of Babylon, Hilla, Babylon, 51001, Iraq.
Batool ShakirDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.
Abed AlmjalawiGeneral Directorate of Education in Kerbala, Ministry of Education, Kerbala, Iraq.
Farah Tareq Al-AlaqDepartment of Biology, College of Science, University of Babylon, Hilla, Babylon, 51001, Iraq.
Hussein O M Al-DahmoshiDepartment of Biology, College of Science, University of Babylon, Hilla, Babylon, 51001, Iraq.
Mushtak T S Al-OuqailiDepartment of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Anbar, Anbar Governorate, Ramadi, Iraq. ph.dr.mushtak_72@uoanbar.edu.iq.
Faizan AhmadDepartment of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Morteza SakiDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. mortezasaki1981@gmail.com.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7419-0116

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe aim of the study was to examine the antibiotic resistance patterns and virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in hospital wastewater (HWW).

methodsA total of 155 HWW samples were investigated in Babylon city, Iraq (December 2025 to June 2026). Cellulose ester membrane filters were used to pass the HWW samples. These filters were grown in cetrimide agar. The suspected green colonies of P. aeruginosa species were further determined using a VITEK2 device. Confirmation of the P. aeruginosa isolates was performed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of ecfX gene. Disc diffusion testing was used for antibacterial susceptibility. PCR was used to assess the presence of lasA, lasB, toxA, exoS, exoT, exoU, exoY, plcH, plcN, phzI, phzII, apr, algD, and algU virulence genes.

resultsTotally, 119 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected. These isolates showed a high resistance to aztreonam (65.5%) and ceftazidime (58.8%). However, colistin was highly effective (89.9% susceptible). Occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates was 82.4% (n = 98/119). The most prevalent genes were toxA (100.0%), lasB (65.5%), and exoT (65.5%). Significant positive correlations have been found among the following pairs: algU and ciprofloxacin; phzII and piperacillin; phzI and imipenem, ceftazidime, amikacin; plcN and imipenem; plcH and amikacin, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam; exoY and piperacillin; exoT and ceftazidime; and exoS and colistin.

conclusionThe most P. aeruginosa isolates possessed toxA and lasB genes. The results indicated that hospital effluents are critical sources of MDR and virulent P. aeruginosa, and there is an urgent demand to improve the management of wastewater.

Indexed as

Drug Resistance, Multiple, BacterialPseudomonas aeruginosaWastewaterAnti-Bacterial AgentsHospitalsHumansIraqMicrobial Sensitivity TestsVirulenceVirulence FactorsAnti-Bacterial AgentsVirulence FactorsWastewaterAntibiotic resistanceHospital wastewatersHWWsPseudomonas aeruginosaVirulence

Identifiers

PMID42804002

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