ArticleJournal of hepatocellular carcinoma2026
Associations of Type 2 Diabetes with Tumor Budding and Microvascular Invasion in Resected Hepatocellular Carcinoma.
Article in Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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11 authors.
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Abstract
Purpose: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) may influence invasive tumor phenotypes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We evaluated associations of pre-existing DM with tumor budding (TB), microvascular invasion (MVI), and postoperative outcomes. Patients and Methods: This single-center retrospective cohort included 924 patients with pathologically confirmed HCC who underwent curative-intent hepatectomy from 2015 to 2020. Two blinded pathologists assessed TB and MVI. Logistic regression evaluated pathological associations, and Kaplan-Meier and Cox models evaluated recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Glycemic and treatment analyses in patients with DM were exploratory and used variable-specific available cases. Results: Among 924 patients, 124 (13.4%) had DM, 314 (34.0%) were TB-positive, and 493 (53.4%) were MVI-positive. DM was associated with TB-positive status (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.508; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.287-5.381; Conclusion: Pre-existing DM was associated with TB-positive and MVI-positive status after hepatectomy for HCC. The primary PS analysis did not provide evidence of an independent DM survival association. Glycemic-control and treatment findings were exploratory and require prospective external validation.
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