ArticleBMC chemistry2026
High-performance PVDF ultrafiltration membranes modified with ZIF-8@g-C₃N₄ nanohybrids for enhanced humic acid removal and antifouling performance.
Article in BMC chemistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
In this work, a novel metal-organic framework (MOF) hybrid, referred to as ZGCN (ZIF-8@g-C₃N₄), was incorporated into polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based ultrafiltration membranes fabricated via the phase inversion method. The ZGCN nanohybrid was synthesized through a two-step process: first, g-C₃N₄ was prepared by thermally condensing melamine at 550 °C, followed by the in situ growth of ZIF-8 nanocrystals on the g-C₃N₄ sheets under solvothermal conditions. The ZGCN nanoparticles were then dispersed in a 15 wt% PVDF casting solution and cast into asymmetric membranes using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as the solvent. Comprehensive characterization including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the incorporation and properties of the hybrid. The BET surface area of ZGCN reached 987 m²/g, indicating high porosity. SEM images showed a well-dispersed ZGCN phase within the membrane matrix and an enhanced pore structure. The modified membranes exhibited an initial pure water flux of 318.5 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹ (LMH), stabilizing at 172.8 LMH after 4 h of humic acid (HA) filtration at 2 bar, with a separation efficiency of 91.6%. In comparison, pristine PVDF membranes showed a lower initial flux of 201.3 LMH and HA rejection of only 76.4% under the same conditions. Moreover, the ZGCN-PVDF membranes demonstrated superior antifouling performance, with a flux recovery ratio (FRR) of 89.2%. These results highlight the synergistic effect of the MOF hybrid in enhancing membrane permeability, selectivity, and fouling resistance, offering a promising approach for environmentally friendly water purification applications.
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