ArticleCureus2026
Common Organisms and Their Drug Resistance Patterns in Endotracheal Aspirate Samples of Patients With Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Retrospective Observational Study.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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10 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundVentilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the important and serious nosocomial infections among critically ill patients, contributing to significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs, particularly in resource-limited settings. Rising multidrug resistance (MDR) among causative organisms further complicates management and underscores the need for local antimicrobial surveillance.
objectiveThis study aimed to determine the frequency of bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in patients diagnosed with VAP in a tertiary care intensive care unit (ICU) in Peshawar, Pakistan.
methodsA cross-sectional, retrospective observational study was conducted at the ICU of Northwest General Hospital from January to December 2024. Adult patients (≥18 years) who developed new-onset pneumonia-like symptoms at least 48 hours after endotracheal intubation were included. Endotracheal aspirate samples were cultured, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and interpreted according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M100, 34th edition (2024) guidelines. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 29 (Released 2022; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York) for descriptive and inferential statistics, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant.
resultsOf 224 endotracheal aspirate samples analysed, 128 (57.1%) were from male patients, and the predominant age group was 60-74 years (67/224, 29.9%). The most frequently isolated organisms were
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