ArticleJournal of toxicology2026
Morphological and Cytotoxic Effects of Metal Salts on Osteoblast Cells in Three-Dimensional Spheroidal Cultures.
Article in Journal of toxicology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
The skeleton provides structural support, organ protection, and mineral storage, making the long-term biocompatibility of orthopedic implants essential. Although stainless steel and cobalt-based alloys are widely used in these devices, corrosion can release metal ions that induce inflammatory and cytotoxic responses in surrounding bone tissue. Because most in vitro studies rely on conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures, three-dimensional (3D) spheroids offer a more physiologically relevant model for evaluating metal ion toxicity. In this study, human fetal osteoblast (hFOB) spheroids were exposed to CrCl
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