ArticleInternational microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology2026
Dodonaea viscosa-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibit antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-virulence activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Article in International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of healthcare-associated mortality, with multidrug resistance and biofilm formation limiting treatment options. Anti-virulence strategies targeting adhesin gene expression offer a promising alternative, yet the ability of green-synthesised ZnO-NPs to suppress MRSA virulence remains underexplored. In this study, ZnO-NPs were synthesised using Dodonaea viscosa leaf extract, with D-Fructose-3-O-methyl identified as the dominant phytochemical. Nanoparticles were characterised by UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, EDS, and AFM. Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities were evaluated against a clinically isolated MDR MRSA strain (VITEK 2 confirmed; resistant to 15 antibiotic agents) using MIC determination and crystal violet microplate biofilm assay. Virulence gene expression (fnbA, cna) was quantified by RT-qPCR using the 2⁻ΔΔCt method with 16 S rRNA as a reference gene. ZnO-NPs exhibited a characteristic UV absorption at 321 nm and an AFM mean diameter of 34.95 nm. EDS confirmed Zn (28.94%) and O (22.54%) as principal elements, with residual C and Cl attributable to phytochemical surface capping and precursor, respectively. The MIC of ZnO-NPs against MRSA was 4.312 mg/mL - a 7.5-fold improvement over crude D. viscosa extract (32.25 mg/mL). Anti-biofilm inhibition reached 41% and 58% for two clinical isolates at sub-MIC concentrations. RT-qPCR revealed significant downregulation of fnbA (fold change 0.37; 63.4% reduction) and cna (fold change 0.46; 54.0% reduction) relative to untreated controls. These findings demonstrate that D. viscosa-mediated ZnO-NPs combine direct antibacterial activity with transcriptional suppression of MRSA adhesin-encoding virulence genes at sub-lethal concentrations, offering a promising anti-virulence platform with reduced potential for resistance selection compared with conventional bactericidal agents.
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