ArticleCHEST critical care2025
The Effects of Cyproheptadine on Severe COVID-19 From the I-SPY COVID Adaptive Platform Trial.
Registry-linked trialAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in CHEST critical care, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04488081 (I-SPY COVID TRIAL), which is not on this map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
I-SPY COVID TRIAL: An Adaptive Platform Trial to Reduce Mortality and Ventilator Requirements for Critically Ill Patients
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
29 authors.
Sara C AuldDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Fady A YoussefDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Timothy E AlbertsonDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Jeremy R BeitlerDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Paul A BergerDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Ellen L BurnhamDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Nathan CobbDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Eliot FriedmanDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Sheetal GandotraDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Kevin W GibbsDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Jeremiah HayangaDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Robert HyzyDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Malik M H S KhanDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Jonathan L KoffDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Richard A LeeDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Nuala J MeyerDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Timothy ObermillerDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Caroline QuillDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Philip RobinsonDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Sandhya SamavedamDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Kenneth K WeiDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Richard G WunderinkDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Derek W RussellDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Martin EklundDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Carolyn S CalfeeDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Michael A MatthayDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
D Clark FilesDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Kathleen D LiuDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Laura J EssermanDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (S. C. A.), Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; the Pulmonary Division (F. A. Y.), Department of Internal Medicine, Long Beach Memorial Medical Centre, Long Beach; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine (T. A.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento; the Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (R. A. L.), Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine; the Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian Center for Research and Education (P. R.), Newport Beach; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (K. K. W.), Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles; the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine (C. S. C. and M. A. M.), Department of Medicine, the Divisions of Nephrology and Critical Care Medicine (K. D. L.), Department of Medicine, the Department of Surgery (L. J. E.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; the Centre for Acute Respiratory Failure (J. R. B.), Columbia University, New York; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (C. Q.), University of Rochester, Rochester, NY; the Department of Critical Care (P. A. B.), Sanford Health, Sioux Falls, SD; the Department of Medicine (E. L. B.), University of Colorado, Denver, CO; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (N. C.), Georgetown University Medical Centre, Washington, DC; the Department of Medicine (E. F.), Main Line Health, Wynnewood; the Department of Medicine (N. J. M.), University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; the Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine (S. G. and D. W. R.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; the Department of Pulmonary Critical Care, Allergy and Immunologic Disease (K. W. G.), the Department of Internal Medicine (D. C. F.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (J. H.), Heart and Vascular Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (R. H.), Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care (M. M. H. S. K.), Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI; the Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (J. L. K.), Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (T. O.), Logan Health Research Institute, Kalispell, MT; the Department of Critical Care Medicine (S. S.), Mercy Hospital, Springfield, MO; the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division (R. G. W.), Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M. E.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Funding
Chlorinated lipids in sepsisR01GM115553 · NIGMS · SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY · PI FORD, DAVID A., MCHOWAT, JANE · 2015 to 2021
$3.0MTargeting Angiopoietin-2 in ARDSR01HL137006 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI MEYER, NUALA JENNINGS · 2017 to 2021
$2.5MReconsidering the IL-1 axis in sepsis-associated ARDSR01HL137915 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI MEYER, NUALA JENNINGS · 2017 to 2020
$2.1MCellular and molecular mapping of ventilator-induced lung injuryR01HL170601 · NHLBI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Tushar Jasubhai DESAI, MICHAEL A. MATTHAY · 2024 to 2026
$2.0MActivated Neutrophilic Exosome as Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in COPDK08HL148514 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM · PI RUSSELL, DEREK · 2020 to 2024
$824kMentoring Patient-Oriented Research to Promote ARDS Precision MedicineK24HL155804 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI MEYER, NUALA JENNINGS · 2021 to 2021
$124kNHLBI NIH HHS K08 HL148514NHLBI NIH HHS K24 HL155804NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL137006NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL137915NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL170601NIGMS NIH HHS R01 GM115553
Abstract
backgroundSevere COVID-19 has been associated with hypercoagulability and platelet activation, which is known to result in excessive accumulation of serotonin. However, few studies have evaluated whether serotonergic blockade may improve clinical outcomes among those with COVID-19. RESEARCH QUESTION: Does cyproheptadine, an antiserotonergic drug most commonly used to treat serotonin syndrome, improve time to clinical recovery in patients with severe COVID-19? STUDY DESIGN AND
methodsThe Investigation of Serial Studies to Predict Your Therapeutic Response With Imaging and Molecular Analysis in COVID (I-SPY COVID) study is a phase 2, multicenter, adaptive, open-label randomized controlled trial designed to screen potential therapeutic agents rapidly to identify those with a high probability of improving outcomes for hospitalized critically ill patients with COVID-19. For this report, participants randomized to receive cyproheptadine 8 mg enterally every 8 hours for 10 days or until hospital discharge were compared with concurrently enrolled control patients who were treated with the standard of care regimen of dexamethasone and remdesivir and did not receive an investigational agent. Bayesian survival regression models were used to model the hazard functions for the 2 events of interest: (1) recovery (treating death as a competing event) and (2) overall death as a function of randomization arm and baseline COVID-19 level.
resultsFrom September through December 2021, 35 participants were randomized and consented to receive cyproheptadine and 61 concurrent control patients were eligible for analysis. At that point, futility criteria were met and the data monitoring committee halted further enrollment into the cyproheptadine arm. The posterior probability that cyproheptadine would increase the rate of recovery was 0.1% and the posterior probability that cyproheptadine would improve survival was 16.3%.
interpretationIn an open-label phase 2 trial of adults critically ill with severe COVID-19, cyproheptadine did not improve recovery or survival compared with the standard of care. CLINICAL
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT04488081; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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COVID-19cyproheptadineserotonin
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NCT04488081ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.