ArticleHealth science reports2026
Understanding the Potential of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Functionalized Engineered Exosomes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.
Article in Health science reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Exosomes are naturally secreted nanovesicles with high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and the ability to traverse biological barriers, making them attractive theragnostic carriers. When engineered to present tumor-specific antibodies and to deliver antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), they may enhance selective targeting of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: This narrative review synthesizes the multidisciplinary field of exosome bioengineering, ADCs, and HCC diagnosis and therapy, covering topics from click chemistry to translational challenges. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus (1991-2026) identified relevant studies on exosome-based targeted delivery, and diagnosis and therapeutics in HCC. Included studies focused on engineered exosomes, ADCs, and tumor-specific targeting, with rigorous characterization and relevance to HCC diagnosis and therapy. The review aims to provide a conceptual synthesis, highlighting translational progress and future directions in engineered exosome-based cancer diagnosis and therapy. Results: The exosomal lipid bilayer protects encapsulated therapeutic cargo from premature degradation in circulation, while antibody display confers high-affinity recognition of HCC cells. A dual-targeting paradigm leveraging both the exosome's inherent tropism and antibody specificity supports increased intra-tumoral delivery and reduced off-target exposure relative to conventional modalities. Co-loading of imaging probes can enable integrated theragnostics, facilitating visualization of biodistribution, target engagement, and treatment response. However, as clinical data remains limited, these anticipated advantages in the human therapy should be established by thorough experimentation and clinical trials. Conclusion: ADC-functionalized exosomes (immuno-exosomes) can offer a suitable platform for precise HCC targeting with the potential to improve therapeutic index and enable real-time response monitoring. Translational progress will depend on robust, scalable manufacturing, rigorous characterization of purity and potency, and comprehensive evaluation of safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy in preclinical models and clinical studies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.