ReviewHealth science reports2026
Financing of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Africa: A Scoping Review.
Review in Health science reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background and Aims: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is a critical intervention for cervical cancer prevention in Africa; however, program uptake and scale-up remain limited due to financing constraints. This scoping review mapped existing evidence on HPV vaccine financing in Africa, identifying prevailing funding mechanisms, cost estimates, delivery strategies, and challenges and opportunities for sustainable financing. Methods: Guided by the Arksey and O'Malley framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we systematically searched nine electronic databases for peer-reviewed studies. Retrieved records were deduplicated and screened against eligibility criteria. Eligible studies underwent data extraction, followed by collation, summarization, and thematic synthesis. All costs were standardized to United States (US) Dollars and further adjusted to a common reference year (2025US) using the US Consumer Price Index (CPI-U) to enable comparison across study years. Results: Twenty-seven peer-reviewed studies were included. The review found heavy dependence on donor support, particularly from Gavi, with limited domestic co-financing across most countries. Per-dose costs ranged from US$0.27-US$19.76 (financial) and US$1.31-US$45.00 (economic) as reported, or US$0.32-US$26.50 and US$1.63-US$60.36 after adjustment to 2025 US; per fully immunized girl, costs ranged from US$6.68-US$40.03 and US$17.31-US$91.19 as reported, or US$8.31-US$53.69 and US$21.53-US$122.31 adjusted. Primary cost drivers included service delivery, personnel, and outreach to out-of-school girls. School-based delivery was more cost-effective in several contexts, and the single-dose schedule consistently showed lower cost with comparable efficacy, enhancing cost-effectiveness and reducing programmatic burden. Willingness to pay exists among private individuals, but out-of-pocket models remain inequitable. Conclusion: Donor funds, mainly Gavi, still drive HPV vaccination in most of Africa. The single-dose schedule cuts costs and logistics while remaining effective. For equitable, sustainable access, African countries must prioritize cost-effective vaccines, boost domestic funding, strengthen health systems, and adopt models that lessen reliance on external support.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.