ReviewFrontiers in public health2026
A review of potential health risks of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure from mobile phones and base stations in children and pregnant women.
Review in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Over the last decade, the rapid expansion of mobile communication technologies has substantially increased population exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). This has raised concerns about possible health implications, particularly for vulnerable groups like children and pregnant women. Although international agencies have reported no consistent evidence of harmful effects at established exposure limits, uncertainties remain regarding long-term and developmental effects. This review synthesizes and evaluates epidemiological and experimental evidence published between 2015 and 2025; a period characterized by rapid technological transitions (4G to 5G), advances in exposure assessment techniques, and increasing reliance on wireless devices. Confining the timeframe ensures a more relevant and up-to-date assessment of current exposure patterns and emerging biological insights. The review explores the association between RF-EMF exposure and major health outcomes, including reproductive and developmental effects, cancer risk, and neurological changes. It also integrates mechanistic pathways involving oxidative stress, DNA damage, and ROS signalling. Although no definitive causal relationship has been established, the evidence remains inconsistent due to variability in study design, exposure metrics, and outcome definitions. Notably, experimental and high-exposure studies provide biologically plausible mechanisms, particularly through oxidative stress pathways; however, these findings have not been consistently observed in the human population. Children and foetuses may exhibit greater susceptibility because of developmental and physiological factors, yet high-quality longitudinal evidence remains limited. Overall, further standardized, mechanistic, and long-term studies are needed to strengthen the scientific evidence base and inform public health policy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.