ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Prevalence of and factors associated with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders among children and adolescents: a nationwide cross-sectional study.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: Multiple neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in children and adolescents are associated with greater impairment and reduced responsiveness to standard treatments, yet their prevalence and associated factors remain poorly understood. We aimed to investigate prevalence of, and factors associated with multiple NDDs among children and adolescents in the United States (US). Methods: This nationwide cross-sectional study used data from the National Survey of Children's Health 2016-2023. Multiple NDDs were defined as the concurrent presence of two or more conditions. Weighted prevalence estimates were calculated, and logistic regression was applied to assess associated factors of multiple NDDs adjusting for sociodemographic and health variables. Results: The prevalence of multiple NDDs among children aged 3-17 years increased from 5.8% in 2016 to 7.7% in 2023, with the strongest cross-sectional association observed for depression or anxiety (aOR = 5.53, 95% CI: 5.09-6.02), followed by fair or poor health (aOR = 2.82, 95% CI: 2.33-3.42), heart conditions (aOR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.59-2.35), underweight status (aOR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.13-1.50), and allergies (aOR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.08-1.26). Lower odds were observed among female children (aOR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.37-0.43) and those with higher parental education (aOR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.80-0.93). Conclusion: This study revealed a rising prevalence of multiple NDDs and identified associated factors across clinical, demographic, and socioeconomic domains. Although the cross-sectional design precludes temporal or causal inference, the findings highlight the importance of integrated and equity-driven strategies to ensure timely access to health services and family-centered support for children and adolescents with multiple NDDs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.