ArticleFrontiers in oncology2026
Development and temporal validation of preoperative and combined preoperative-pathological models for lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer.
Article in Frontiers in oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Aim: To develop and temporally validate preoperative and combined preoperative-pathological models for lymph node metastasis (LNM) in early gastric cancer (EGC). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 501 patients with EGC. Patients treated from January 2014 to December 2021 formed the training cohort (n = 347; 39 LNM events), and those treated from January 2022 to June 2026 formed the temporal validation cohort (n = 154; 21 LNM events). All preprocessing, exploratory LCR cut-off derivation, variable selection, coefficient estimation, and model choice were performed in the training cohort. The locked models were then evaluated without refitting in the temporal validation cohort. Performance was assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Brier score, calibration intercept and slope, decision curve analysis, continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). Conditional internal validation used 1,000 bootstrap samples with the final predictor sets held fixed. Results: The final preoperative model (PSL) included granulocyte count, albumin, LCR, tumor location, endoscopic ulceration, and long diameter. The combined model (Post-LR) included LCR, neurovascular invasion, long diameter, pathological ulceration, and differentiation. In temporal validation, the AUC was 0.730 (95% CI, 0.627-0.834) for PSL and 0.827 (95% CI, 0.723-0.932) for Post-LR. The corresponding Brier scores were 0.119 and 0.081. Compared with the pathology-only model, Post-LR had no statistically significant incremental benefit in temporal validation. An exploratory training-derived LCR cut-off of 2.20 separated risk in the training cohort but not in the temporal validation cohort. Conclusion: The preoperative and combined models provide complementary, hypothesis-generating risk estimates at different clinical stages. They should be used only as adjuncts to established ESD criteria and multidisciplinary judgment. External validation in prospective, real-world ESD cohorts is required before clinical implementation.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.