ReviewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Camelid VHHs as a Versatile Platform for Combating Viral Infections.
Review in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Viral infections continue to pose a major global health challenge because of rapid viral evolution, immune escape, and the emergence of novel pathogens. This review examines the biological characteristics, antiviral mechanisms, production strategies, and therapeutic potential of camelid VHH as next-generation antiviral agents. The review synthesizes current evidence on the structural and functional properties of VHH, their methods of generation and engineering, and their applications against a broad range of respiratory and non-respiratory viruses. Camelid VHH nanobodies exhibit high specificity and affinity, exceptional physicochemical stability, efficient tissue penetration, and the unique ability to recognize conserved and cryptic epitopes that are often inaccessible to conventional antibodies. Engineering approaches, including multivalent, bispecific, Fc-fused, and half-life-extended constructs, further enhance their antiviral potency and pharmacokinetic properties. Evidence from preclinical studies demonstrates potent antiviral activity against multiple viral pathogens through mechanisms that include blocking viral attachment and fusion, inhibiting intracellular replication, targeting conserved viral proteins, and reducing the likelihood of viral escape. The review also highlights emerging advances in recombinant production platforms, artificial intelligence-assisted nanobody design, targeted delivery technologies, and One Health applications. Collectively, the available evidence indicates that camelid VHH represent a highly versatile and adaptable platform for antiviral therapeutics and diagnostics, with considerable potential to support pandemic preparedness and the development of broad-spectrum interventions against current and emerging viral diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.