ArticlePolymers2026
Elastic Response of Open-Hole Material-Extruded PLA Plates: Equivalent Laminate Architectures and Perimeter Paths.
Article in Polymers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The elastic response of an open-hole material-extruded plate depends on both its interior raster architecture and the deposition paths around its boundaries. This study examines whether laminate preferences obtained from a homogeneous model persist when perimeter paths are represented. Six symmetric equivalent-laminate architectures were compared for polylactic acid plates at hole-diameter-to-width ratios of 0.20, 0.25, and 0.40 using plane-stress finite-element models with homogeneous interiors, tangential hole bands, and combined hole and outer bands. Mesh refinement, an independent block mesh, and layered-shell comparisons assessed numerical consistency. In the finest homogeneous comparison at a ratio of 0.25, [90/45/90] reduced the stress concentration factor by 0.90% relative to [0/0/0], while increasing displacement by approximately 2.84%. Adding hole and outer bands reversed this stress advantage, giving a 1.38% higher stress concentration for [90/45/90]. Across the complete perimeter-model screen, [0/0/0] gave both the lowest stress concentration and the lowest displacement, eliminating the preference-dependent trade-off found in the homogeneous models. Comparison with published tensile curves gave elastic-slope discrepancies of 0.5-3.9% for the primary material dataset and 13.2-16.0% for the experimental source's constants; this literature-based benchmark is limited to global elastic response and does not validate local hole-edge stresses, failure loads, or laminate ranking. Perimeter paths can therefore determine the preferred elastic architecture even when the interior material exhibits only weak orthotropy.
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