ArticleMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Engineering Red Blood Cell Membrane-Coated PLGA Nanoparticles for Kahweol Delivery: Formulation Development and Pharmacokinetic Assessment.
Article in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Kahweol is an active diterpene with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties; however, its use may be limited by unfavorable pharmacokinetic characteristics. This study aimed to develop kahweol-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and red blood cell membrane-coated PLGA (RBC-PLGA) nanoparticles and evaluate their in vitro release behavior and in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles. Kahweol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were prepared using the emulsification-solvent evaporation method and subsequently coated with rabbit erythrocyte membranes, a type of blood cell membrane, to obtain RBC-PLGA nanoparticles. Particle size, zeta potential, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency were characterized. In vitro release studies were performed using the dialysis bag method. Pharmacokinetic profiles of free kahweol, kahweol-loaded PLGA, and kahweol-loaded RBC-PLGA nanoparticles were evaluated in rabbits following intravenous administration (0.5 mg/kg), and plasma kahweol concentrations were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. PLGA and RBC-PLGA nanoparticles showed high encapsulation efficiency (>90%) and sustained biphasic release compared with the rapid burst release of free kahweol. Pharmacokinetic analysis demonstrated that PLGA and RBC-PLGA nanoparticles reduced peak plasma concentrations and prolonged systemic exposure. Among the nanoparticles, RBC-PLGA exhibited the most prolonged pharmacokinetic profile, with delayed time to maximum plasma concentration (T
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