ReviewMicromachines2026
Liquid Metal Electrodes: Material Properties, Interfacial Behavior, Fabrication, Performance, and Applications.
Review in Micromachines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Liquid metal electrodes (LMEs) combine metallic conductivity with fluid deformability, offering unique advantages for flexible electronics, sensing, biointerfaces, and energy devices. This review examines LMEs from an electrode-centered perspective, linking material composition and oxide-mediated interfacial behavior with fabrication, electrode architecture, performance, reliability, and application readiness. This review further highlights how electrode design and interfacial engineering govern practical electrical and mechanical performance. Emphasis is placed on gallium-based alloys and the dual role of their native oxide layer, which facilitates wetting, adhesion, and pattern stability but may also increase contact resistance and interfacial instability. Representative fabrication strategies are compared in terms of resolution, scalability, adhesion, and deformability, while electrode performance is benchmarked using conductivity or resistance, strain tolerance, cyclic reliability, electrical drift, and activation or self-healing requirements. Applications in flexible electronics, sensors, biomedical interfaces, and energy devices are discussed together with their technological maturity. No single fabrication route or electrode architecture is universally optimal, emphasizing the need for application-specific evaluation. Finally, key challenges in reproducible manufacturing, oxide regulation, contact degradation, leakage prevention, environmental durability, and lifecycle management are highlighted.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.