ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Recovery and Purity Trade-Off in Nd/Ho Separation from Real NdFeB Magnet Leachates.
Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The growing demand for electric vehicles has increased the need for rare earth elements (REEs), promoting the recycling of secondary sources such as end-of-life NdFeB permanent magnets. However, the selective separation of REEs with similar chemical properties, such as neodymium (Nd) and holmium (Ho), remains a major challenge. In this work, their separation from a real NdFeB permanent magnet leachate was investigated by liquid-liquid extraction using di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as an extractant. The effects of extractant concentration (0.05 M and 0.1 M), organic-to-aqueous phase ratio (1:1 and 2:1, O:A), and pH (0.6 and 2) on the extraction process were evaluated. Increasing extractant concentration and phase ratio improved Ho extraction, reaching above 90%, whereas Nd co-extraction remained relatively low at pH 0.6 (0.8-4.6%, depending on the conditions). However, pH was found to be the key parameter. At pH 2, Ho extraction exceeded 96% in all cases, while Nd co-extraction increased significantly (up to ~28%), reducing selectivity. Due to the high initial Nd:Ho concentration ratio (~12:1), even low Nd co-extraction percentages resulted in significant contamination of Ho-rich products, identifying product purity as the primary limiting factor. These results show a trade-off between recovery and selectivity, with low pH favoring selectivity and high pH favoring extraction efficiency.
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