ArticleCancers2026
Smoking Status, Including Non-Combustible Nicotine or Tobacco Products Use, and Site-Specific Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Nationwide Cohort Study.
Article in Cancers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeCigarette smoking is an established risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC), yet the association between smoking status, including non-combustible nicotine or tobacco product (NNTP) use, and site-specific CRC risk remains unclear.
methodsThis population-based retrospective cohort study used data from 4,489,451 participants in the Korean National Health Insurance System database. Smoking status was classified according to combustible cigarette (CC) and NNTP use. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for CRC risk.
resultsDuring a mean follow-up of 3.4 ± 0.4 years, 17,538 incident CRC cases occurred. Compared with never smoking, exclusive CC use was associated with the highest CRC risk (aHR 1.29, 95% CI 1.23-1.35), with elevated risks across the colon, rectum, distal colon, and unspecified sites. Rectal cancer risk was higher for switching from CCs to NNTPs (aHR 1.51, 95% CI 1.19-1.92) and concurrent CC and NNTP use (aHR 1.23, 95% CI 1.04-1.45). Compared with exclusive CC use, all other smoking-status groups had lower CRC risks, with subsite variations. Colon cancer risk was lower for switching from CCs to NNTPs and concurrent CC and NNTP use; rectal cancer risk was lowest for exclusive NNTP use; and distal colon cancer risk was lowest for concurrent CC and NNTP use. Stratified analyses showed significant interactions of smoking status with age and alcohol consumption in relation to CRC incidence.
conclusionsCRC risk varied by smoking status and anatomical subsite. Further studies are needed to clarify the long-term effects of NNTP use on CRC risk.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.