ReviewCancers2026
The Osteosarcoma Tumor Microenvironment: From Cellular Interactions to Advanced Preclinical Models.
Review in Cancers, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
OS is the most common primary malignant bone tumor, predominantly affecting children, adolescents, and young adults. Despite advances in multimodal treatment, patient outcomes have remained largely unchanged over the past decades, particularly in cases of metastatic or recurrent disease. Increasing evidence highlights the pivotal role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in OS progression, metastasis, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance. The OS TME comprises a complex and dynamic network of tumor cells, immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, mesenchymal stromal cells, endothelial cells, extracellular matrix components, and soluble factors that collectively regulate tumor behavior. This review summarizes the current understanding of the OS TME, highlighting the interactions between malignant cells and their surrounding microenvironment and their contribution to tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, metastatic dissemination, and treatment response. Moreover, here we discuss the strengths and limitations of the most relevant preclinical models currently used to investigate OS biology and evaluate novel therapeutic strategies. Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, including spheroids, organoids, and biomimetic scaffold-based models, today are considered the models able to best recapitulate the structural, mechanical, and cellular complexity of the native tumor microenvironment than conventional two-dimensional cultures. In addition, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are reviewed for their ability to preserve the histopathological, molecular, and genetic characteristics of the original tumors, making them valuable platforms for translational research, biomarker discovery, and personalized medicine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.