SynthesisInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
The Role of Regulatory T Cells in Periodontitis With or Without Systemic Diseases: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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10 authors.
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Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the oral cavity, frequently linked to systemic conditions through complex immunological pathways. Regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) are pivotal in maintaining immune homeostasis by producing anti-inflammatory mediators and enforcing self-tolerance. Recent research has highlighted their role in inflammatory, immune-mediated, and neoplastic diseases. This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, exploring the role of Tregs in periodontitis, including patients with comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and cancer, with a focus on cytokine profile alterations and therapeutic implications of Treg modulation. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane from January 2015 to August 2025 using "periodontitis" and "Tregs" or "regulatory T cells" yielded 20 studies. Available evidence suggests alterations in the balance between immunomodulatory Tregs and pro-inflammatory Th17 lymphocytes, together with changes in related cytokine profiles compared with healthy controls. Changes in Treg-related immune markers have also been reported following periodontal interventions; however, these findings do not establish a causal role for Treg modulation or support Treg-targeted therapies in current clinical practice. Well-designed prospective studies and, where appropriate, randomized controlled trials are required to strengthen causal and therapeutic inference.
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