ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Overcoming Biophysical Barriers in Melanoma Photomedicine: From Photodynamic Therapy to Smart Nanodelivery and Photoimmunotherapy.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Malignant melanoma presents formidable therapeutic challenges due to optical shielding and free-radical scavenging by endogenous melanin, profound tumor microenvironment hypoxia, and aggressive metastatic dissemination, rendering conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) clinically immature. This narrative review comprehensively synthesizes literature across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science evaluating photochemical mechanisms, photosensitizing agents, bioengineered drug delivery systems, and adjacent light-triggered strategies. Preclinical evidence demonstrates that third-generation photosensitizers, targeted organic/inorganic nanoparticles, and transdermal dissolving microneedle (MN) arrays effectively bypass the stratum corneum, enhance drug bioavailability, and alleviate hypoxia-mediated treatment resistance. Furthermore, femtosecond two-photon PDT converts melanin into an active energy-transfer mediator, while nanotechnology-driven photoimmunotherapy (PIT) triggers immunogenic cell death (ICD) and systemic CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation to induce abscopal regression of un-irradiated distant metastases. Nevertheless, critical translational bottlenecks persist, including an overwhelming reliance on static two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures, a lack of validated prognostic or predictive biomarkers, and a complete absence of randomized controlled clinical trials. Ultimately, advancing melanoma photomedicine from bench to bedside requires standardized photophysical dosimetry, systematic evaluation in multicellular three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids, and prospective clinical trials defining its role in multimodal dermato-oncology.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.