Pore Structure Regulation of RF-Derived Porous Carbons Using a Mixed-Level Design of Experiments for Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Materials.

Anrui Li, Yidan Tang, Shuo Yu, Shuli Yu, Le Sun, Qinsi Shao, Delun Zhu, Mengqian Wang, Ruicheng Bai

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Article in Gels (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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9 authors.

Anrui LiSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China.ORCID 0009-0007-6772-7609

Yidan TangSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China.

Shuo YuSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China.

Shuli YuSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China.

Le SunShaoxing Institute of Technology, Shanghai University, Shaoxing 312000, China.

Qinsi ShaoInstitute for Sustainable Energy, School of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.

Delun ZhuShaoxing Institute of Technology, Shanghai University, Shaoxing 312000, China.ORCID 0000-0002-3472-7094

Mengqian WangShanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.ORCID 0009-0007-0307-1081

Ruicheng BaiSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China.

Funding

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6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF)-derived porous carbons have attracted considerable attention as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries because of their tunable pore structures and continuous carbon frameworks. However, conventional one-factor-at-a-time experiments do not readily allow the relative effects of multiple preparation factors to be systematically compared within a unified experimental framework. In this study, a mixed-level Design of Experiments (DOE) was employed to systematically investigate the effects of solid content, gelation temperature, R/C ratio, combined gelation and acid-washing/aging times, and drying method on the BET specific surface area, total pore volume, and dominant pore size of RF-derived porous carbons. Representative preparation conditions were subsequently selected to prepare PC-1 and PC-2. Both samples exhibited predominantly amorphous mesoporous carbon structures and similar electrochemical response profiles. PC-1 exhibited a higher reversible specific capacity and slightly more favorable electrochemical kinetics. These concurrent observations suggest an association between the pore-structure characteristics and electrochemical behavior of the selected samples. PC-1 delivered an initial charge capacity of 416.67 mAh g

Indexed as

anode materialsDesign of Experiments (DOE)lithium-ion batteriespore-structure regulationRF-derived porous carbons

Identifiers

PMID42794351

DOI10.3390/gels12090801

PMCPMC13606249

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