Observational studyBiomolecules2026
Peripheral Inflammatory Biomarkers in Chronic Autoimmune-Associated Epilepsy: An Exploratory Case-Control Study.
Observational study in Biomolecules, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundAutoimmune-associated epilepsy (AAE) was recognized by the ILAE in 2017 as a distinct etiological category driven by chronic neuroinflammation rather than structural or genetic mechanisms. Reliable peripheral circulating inflammatory biomarkers to distinguish AAE from structural epilepsy remain lacking, potentially limiting timely recognition and evaluation for immunotherapy. In this observational case-control exploratory single-center study, plasma levels of 20 pro-inflammatory and 3 anti-inflammatory biomarkers, plus cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain and HMGB1, were measured in 18 AAE patients, 33 non-autoimmune epilepsy patients and 16 healthy controls. AAE was defined using Dubey's APE2-based criteria. Univariate comparisons, ROC analysis, and binary logistic regression were performed.
resultsAmong the 25 biomarkers analyzed, plasma IL-12 showed the lowest nominal DISCUSSION: Lower plasma IL-12 levels may reflect a peripheral immune association in chronic AAE. These findings are exploratory and hypothesis-generating and require replication in larger, prospectively recruited, independent cohorts.
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