ReviewGenes2026
MicroRNAs in Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy: Biomarkers, Resistance Mechanisms, and Strategies to Convert "Cold" Tumors to "Hot".
Review in Genes, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the treatment of microsatellite instability-high/mismatch repair-deficient (MSI-H/dMMR) CRC, yet most CRCs are microsatellite-stable/mismatch repair-proficient (MSS/pMMR) and remain poorly responsive to immunotherapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are well positioned to influence this biology because individual miRNAs can coordinate multiple tumor-intrinsic and microenvironmental programs that shape antitumor immunity. Rather than cataloging miRNAs one by one, this review organizes the evidence around the major barriers that sustain an immune-cold CRC microenvironment: altered checkpoint and costimulatory signaling, defective antigen presentation, impaired effector T-cell access and function, suppressive myeloid and stromal compartments, and extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated intercellular communication. We also critically assess tissue and circulating miRNA signatures as candidate biomarkers of ICI response and discuss therapeutic approaches based on miRNA mimics, inhibitors, and targeted delivery platforms. The available evidence supports a biologically compelling role for miRNA networks in CRC immune regulation, but clinical translation remains limited by context dependence, delivery, off-target effects, and the lack of treatment-linked validation in CRC cohorts.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.