Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties of

Inflammation is a complex protective biological response triggered by harmful stimuli such as pathogens, chemical agents, or physical injury, and is closely associated with the development of pain and various chronic diseases. It involves a coordinated cascade of cellular and molecular events, including activation of pattern recognition receptors, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, production of reactive oxygen species, and recruitment of immune cells. Acute inflammation is essential for host defense and tissue repair. However, persistent or dysregulated inflammation may lead to chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue damage. Inflammatory pain, a subtype of nociceptive pain, arises from the sensitization of peripheral and central nociceptive pathways by inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide. Herbal products have been traditionally used to manage inflammatory diseases due to their bioactive compounds, which modulate inflammatory pathways and alleviate symptoms, and gaining increasing attention due to their multi-targeted mechanisms and lower adverse effects.