ArticleBehavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)2026
The Impact of Pedagogical Agents on Second Language Acquisition Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis Guided by Social Agency Theory.
Article in Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Digital Pedagogical Agents (DPAs) are virtual teaching entities created in the digital learning environment that have characteristics such as emotion and socialization. According to the basis of Social Agency Theory (SAT), a three-level random-effects meta-analytic model is employed in this paper to study the general effect and boundary conditions of DPAs in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) environments systematically. Through searches across seven Chinese and English databases, 31 independent empirical studies were identified, yielding 112 effect sizes (2002-2026). Based on the three-level random-effects model, the effect of DPA on SLA outcomes is about 0.607 (Hedges' g = 0.607; 95% CI [0.45, 0.77];
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