ReviewAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Macrophage Immune-Redox Modulation by Phenylethanoid- and Flavonoid-Rich Botanical Extracts: NF-κB/iNOS-Nrf2 Crosstalk and the Proposed Role of
Review in Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Macrophage activation depends on the balance between pro-inflammatory signaling and cytoprotective antioxidant responses. Persistent nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, together with insufficient nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling, promotes oxidative and nitrosative stress and contributes to chronic inflammation. Phenylethanoid- and flavonoid-rich botanical extracts may modulate this immune-redox network, but the available evidence is dispersed across plant species, extraction procedures, isolated compounds, and experimental models. This review examines the phytochemical composition and biological effects of these preparations, with particular emphasis on
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