ArticleBioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)2026
An Efficient Spheroid Manufacturing Workflow for WJ-MSCs: Comparative Evaluation of Immediate 3D Aggregation and Conventional 2D Stabilization.
Article in Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Cryopreserved mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely used as off-the-shelf therapeutics. However, conventional manufacturing workflows typically include a post-thaw 2D monolayer recovery step before 3D spheroid formation. This study evaluated whether immediate spheroid formation following thawing (Direct-3D) could replace the conventional 2D-to-3D workflow while maintaining or improving chondrogenic potential. Using passage 5 Wharton's jelly MSCs (WJ-MSCs), spheroid morphology, early chondrogenic priming, differentiation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation were systematically compared between the two strategies. The Direct-3D group exhibited faster and more uniform spheroid compaction and significantly increased
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