ArticleAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI2026
Continuous Livestock Archetypes for Characterizing Structural Heterogeneity in Dual-Purpose Cattle Farms in the Ecuadorian Amazon.
Article in Animals : an open access journal from MDPI, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Farm typologies assume discrete groups, although structural heterogeneity in Amazonian cattle systems may follow continuous gradients. We evaluated whether 164 dual-purpose cattle farms in the Sumaco Biosphere Reserve, Ecuador, were better represented by mutually exclusive types or continuous archetypal configurations and whether these configurations were economically differentiated. Factor analysis of mixed data, permutation-based dimensional retention, clusterability assessment, archetypal analysis, bootstrap resampling, economic validation, and repeated cross-validation were integrated. Two structural dimensions explained 40.1% of inertia: livestock intensification and infrastructure, and farm scale and land use; agreement with multiple factor analysis was high (Procrustes
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