SynthesisPulmonary therapy2026
Advanced Pulmonary Drug Delivery Systems: A Narrative Review.
Synthesis in Pulmonary therapy, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Pulmonary drug delivery systems have gained increasing attention as an effective strategy for the treatment of both respiratory and systemic diseases by enabling targeted, noninvasive, and efficient drug administration through the lungs, with advantages including rapid onset of action, lower drug doses, and reduced systemic adverse effects. Despite these advances, challenges related to formulation stability, aerosol performance, lung clearance mechanisms, and regulatory approval remain. This review explores advanced pulmonary drug delivery systems, with emphasis on the anatomical, physiological, pharmaceutical, and device-related factors that influence aerosol deposition and therapeutic performance. The review examines key mechanisms of particle deposition such as inertial impaction, gravitational sedimentation, Brownian diffusion, interception, and electrostatic interactions, and advanced pulmonary drug carrier systems, including liposomes, nanoparticles, large porous particles, dendrimers, polymeric micelles, biodegradable polymers, and lactose-based dry powder platforms, which enhance drug stability, controlled release, lung retention, and site-specific targeting. The review further summarizes advances in particle engineering technologies and common and advanced inhalation devices, including pressurized metered-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, nebulizers, soft mist inhalers, and smart inhaler platforms. Clinical applications of pulmonary drug delivery extend beyond asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to include cystic fibrosis, pulmonary infections, and pulmonary arterial hypertension, while emerging applications in tuberculosis, diabetes, vaccination, gene therapy, and cancer continue to be investigated. Future directions include personalized pulmonary medicine, inhaled biologics and mRNA therapeutics, environmentally sustainable inhaler technologies, artificial intelligence-assisted formulation and device optimization, and evolving regulatory frameworks. Advancements in pulmonary drug delivery technologies may focus on improving drug targeting, optimizing therapeutic performance, and broadening their application in modern clinical practice.
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Identifiers
42789236What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.