ArticleClinical psychology in Europe2026
No Cognitive Scarring Over 20 Years in Recurrent Depression: Bidirectionality of Cognitive Functioning and Depression.
Article in Clinical psychology in Europe, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Cognitive deficits are prevalent in major depressive disorder (MDD), span multiple cognitive domains, and often persist during remission. However, long-term associations between cognitive functioning and depression remain unclear. This study explores bidirectional associations using 20-year longitudinal data, providing follow-up twice as long as previously reported. Method: Individuals in remission of recurrent MDD underwent neuropsychological assessments at baseline ( Results: No cognitive domains significantly predicted time-to-depressive-relapse, the number of depressive episodes, or total time depressed over 20 years. Similarly, the number of episodes, total time depressed, and changes in depression severity did not significantly predict cognitive changes. At follow-up, we observed declines in speed of information processing ( Conclusions: We found only minor long-term cognitive change, with no clear worsening or evidence of scarring and state effects. Cognitive functioning remained relatively stable, and we observed no link to depression trajectories over 20 years, providing a more optimistic outlook for depressed patients.
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