ArticleiScience2026
Heat stress and maternal complications in India: A nationwide analysis using the universal thermal climate index.
Article in iScience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Ambient heat is rising in India and may affect maternal health during pregnancy. Physiological adaptations in pregnancy heighten heat strain, yet national evidence examining exposure using Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) is limited. We linked National Family Health Survey-5 records for the most recent live birth (2019-2021), with district-level UTCI. Maternal Complications were using four self-reported pregnancy complication indicators. Heat exposures metrics included mean UTCI and mean of daily maximum UTCI calculated for full gestational period and for trimester-specific windows. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) per 1°C (1 K) increase in UTCI, adjusting for maternal age, parity, household wealth quintile, and place of residence, with state fixed effects. Analyses incorporated sampling weights and robust standard errors. The analytic sample comprised 176,193 women; 56.6% reported at least one maternal complication. Higher mean UTCI across pregnancy was associated with increased odds of maternal complications (aOR 1.004; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.000-1.008;
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