ArticleLa matematica2026
Influence of Magnetohydrodynamics and Viscosity Ratio on Modified Tetra-Hybrid Nanofluid Flow under a Threshold Non-Fourier Heat Flux Framework.
Article in La matematica, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study examines the combined effects of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), viscosity ratio, and thermal radiation on the flow and heat transfer of a water-based tetra-hybrid nanofluid containing Gold, Silver, Titanium dioxide, and Aluminium oxide nanoparticles over a stretching surface. The governing momentum and energy equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations via similarity transformations, and closed-form analytical solutions are obtained using Appell hypergeometric functions. Key parameters, including the viscosity ratio, nanoparticle volume fraction, and inverse Darcy number, are analysed and compared across di-, tri-, and tetra-hybrid nanofluids. The results show that stronger magnetic fields and higher nanoparticle loadings suppress the velocity field, while changes in the thermal parameters modify the temperature distribution and thermal boundary-layer thickness. Among the formulations considered, the di-hybrid nanofluid exhibits the largest normalized wall-temperature gradient, whereas the tetra-hybrid formulation exhibits higher temperature profiles under the parameter ranges studied.
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