ArticleToxins2026
Integrated Fermentation, Microbiome and Metabolomic Profiles Reveal Rumen Lipotoxicity Induced by the Masked Mycotoxin Zearalenone-14-Glucoside.
Article in Toxins, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of modified mycotoxins such as zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G) in agricultural resources presents a critical challenge to livestock safety, specifically regarding their capacity to disrupt lipid metabolism and fermentation in the rumen. This study aimed to evaluate the dose- and time-dependent direct effects of ZEN-14G on rumen fermentation characteristics, nutrient disappearance, and mycotoxin biotransformation under controlled in vitro conditions, and to explore the associated microbial and metabolic responses. An in vitro batch fermentation system was established with three ZEN-14G doses, namely control (CON), low dosage (GL), and high dosage (GH), across three time points (6, 12, and 24 h). Basic fermentation parameters, fat disappearance rates, and ZEN-14G metabolites were quantified, while 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics were conducted specifically on 24 h endpoint samples from the CON and GH groups to investigate downstream mechanistic disruptions. The results showed that while baseline pH homeostasis remained unaffected across groups, ZEN-14G dose-dependently inhibited fat disappearance, with the GH group exhibiting a significant reduction throughout fermentation. Targeted quantification confirmed that ZEN-14G was predominantly deglucosylated to free ZEN and reduced to α/β-ZEL. Endpoint multi-omics revealed that although overall α/β-diversity was maintained at 24 h, ZEN-14G induced fine-scale strain-level replacement (12% shared ASVs), marked by the depletion of the key lipolytic bacterium
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