Bio-Nanocomposites Obtained by Green Synthesis with Silver Nanoparticles from By-Products of Fruits, Berries and Vegetables: Structure, Functionality and Applications-A Review.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are widely studied as functional nanomaterials due to their exceptional antimicrobial properties, allowing their application not only in food packaging but also in medicine, cosmetics, and other biomedical and industrial fields. In recent years, special attention has been paid to "green" synthesis methods, in which AgNPs are obtained using by-products of fruit, berry, and vegetable production, such as peels, pomace, and seed waste. These bioactive extracts act as natural reducing and stabilizing agents, allowing the production of more environmentally friendly, less toxic nanoparticles while contributing to reducing the waste of limited resources and implementing the principles of the circular economy. AgNPs synthesized in this way are successfully integrated into biopolymeric matrices (e.g., chitosan, starch, alginates), forming functional nanocomposite films and coatings. These systems exhibit improved mechanical and barrier properties, increased thermal stability, and enhanced antimicrobial activity. The biopolymeric matrix also allows for the control of silver ion release, reducing potential cytotoxic effects and enhancing safety in various applications. In summary, these sustainable nanocomposite systems are promising in various fields, including food technology, medicine, and cosmetics, contributing to more efficient resource utilization and environmental protection.