ArticleJournal of Intelligence2026
Conceptualizing and Measuring Mindfulness in School Settings: A Mixed Methods Study and Development of Mindfulness in School Scale.
Article in Journal of Intelligence, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study aimed to explore how mindfulness is perceived and experienced by teachers and to develop and validate the Mindfulness in School Scale (MSS) for use in school settings. An exploratory sequential mixed methods design was employed. In the qualitative phase, phenomenological interviews were conducted with 23 teachers selected through purposive maximum variation sampling. Content analysis identified six themes: Self-Observation, Environmental Observation, Self-Awareness, Environmental Awareness, Acceptance, and Reactive Control. These findings informed the development of the MSS. In the quantitative phase, the scale was administered to 663 teachers. Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses supported a five-dimensional structure comprising Self-Observation, Environmental Observation, Self-Awareness, Environmental Awareness, and Acceptance, explaining 51.46% of the total variance. Standardized CFA factor loadings ranged from 0.50 to 0.90, and the measurement model demonstrated satisfactory fit (χ
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