SynthesisMedical sciences (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Acute Events and Fatal Outcomes Following Exposure to Volcanic Gases (SO
Synthesis in Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVolcanic gas emissions represent an important but frequently underestimated non-eruptive natural hazard capable of causing severe acute intoxication and sudden death, even in the absence of volcanic eruptions. Although numerous reviews have investigated the chronic health effects of volcanic emissions, evidence regarding acute exposure events remains fragmented. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the available evidence on acute intoxication events and fatalities associated with exposure to sulfur dioxide (SO MATERIALS AND
methodsA systematic literature search was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines across six electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Google Scholar, and WHO IRIS).
resultsSix eligible studies describing fatal and non-fatal acute exposure events from five countries (Italy, France, the United States, Cameroon, and the Democratic Republic of Congo) were included. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide were the gases most frequently associated with fatal outcomes, predominantly occurring in confined spaces, geothermal areas, fumaroles, topographic depressions, or environments where adverse meteorological conditions promoted gas accumulation. The most common clinical manifestations included sudden loss of consciousness, pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, and asphyxial death. The largest documented event, the 1986 Lake Nyos disaster, resulted in more than 1700 fatalities following a massive limnic release of carbon dioxide.
conclusionsAcross the included studies, recurring environmental determinants, exposure pathways, and toxicological mechanisms highlighted the critical role of environmental accumulation in shaping exposure risk. Despite the limited number of published cases, the available evidence demonstrates that acute volcanic gas exposure constitutes a significant yet underrecognized public health hazard. Strengthening environmental monitoring, risk communication, visitor safety measures, and interdisciplinary surveillance systems may substantially reduce preventable morbidity and mortality in volcanically active regions.
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